Understanding and modeling of gas-condensate flow in porous media
Abstract view|743|times PDF download|325|times
Abstract
Well deliverability impairment due to liquid dropout inside gas-condensate reservoirs below dew-point pressure is a common production problem. The operating conditions and the thermodynamic properties of the condensate govern the production performance of this type of reservoir. Modeling condensate production using analytical, semi-analytical or empirical formula for quick assessment of reservoir performance is a complicated method due to the complex thermodynamic behavior. The objective of this study is to provide a fundamental understanding of the flow and thermodynamics of gas-condensate fluid to develop tools for the production prediction. The prior developments of flow modeling of gas-condensate are briefly reviewed. The multi-phase flow and the depletion stages during production are discussed. Each component of pseudo-pressure calculations to determine the condensate flow rate is explained. Thermodynamic properties and laboratory experiment relevant to the flow of condensate are also explored. Pressure-volume-temperature properties such as two-phase envelope, constant composition expansion and constant volume depletion are demonstrated for three different gas-condensate fluids namely lean, intermediate and rich. This article is also useful for future developments of the production model for a gas-condensate under various operational and completion scenarios such as horizontal wells and hydraulic fractures in tight formations.
Cited as: Panja, P., Velasco, R., Deo, M. Understanding and modeling of gas-condensate flow in porous media. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2020, 4(2): 173-186, doi: 10.26804/ager.2020.02.06
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Agarwal, R.G., Gardner, D.C., Kleinsteiber, S.W., et al. Analyzing well production data using combined type curve and decline curve analysis concepts. SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. 1999, 2(5): 478-486.
Ahmed, T. Reservoir Engineering Handbook. Oxford, United Kingdom, Gulf Professional Publishing, 2010.
Amorim, T.C.A.D., Schiozer, D.J. Risk analysis speed-up with surrogate models. Paper SPE 153477 Presented at SPE Latin America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Mexico City, Mexico, 16-18 April, 2012.
Anifowose, F.A., Ewenla, A.O., Eludiora, S.I. Prediction of oil and gas reservoir properties using support vector machines. Paper IPTC-14514-MS Presented at International Petroleum Technology Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-17 November, 2011.
Arps, J.J. Analysis of decline curves. Trans. AIME 1945, 160(1): 228-247.
Behmanesh, H., Hamdi, H., Clarkson, C.R. Production data analysis of gas condensate reservoirs using two-phase viscosity and two-phase compressibility. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 2017, 47: 47-58.
Bonyadi, M., Rahimpour, M.R., Esmaeilzadeh, F. A new fast technique for calculation of gas condensate well productivity by using pseudopressure method. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 2012, 4: 35-43.
Carreras, P.E., Turner, S.E., Wilkinson, G.T. Tahiti: Development strategy assessment using design of experiments and response surface methods. Paper SPE 100656 Presented at SPE Western Regional/AAPG Pacific Section/GSA Cordilleran Section Joint Meeting, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 8-10 May, 2006.
Chen, Z., Huan, G., Wang, H. Computer simulation of compositional flow using unstructured control volume finite element methods. Computing 2006, 78: 31-53.
Clark, A.J., Lake, L.W., Patzek, T.W. Production forecasting with logistic growth models. Paper SPE 144790 Presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, 30 October-2 November, 2011.
Clarkson, C.R., Qanbari, F., Nobakht, M., et al. Incorporating geomechanical and dynamic hydraulic-fracture-property changes into rate-transient analysis: Example from the haynesville shale. SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. 2013, 16(3): 303-316.
Coleman, S., Wilde Jr., H.D., Moore, T.W. Quantitative effect of gas-oil ratios on decline of average rock pressure. Trans. AIME 1930, 86(1): 174-184.
Cook, R.E., Jacoby, R.H., Ramesh, A.B. A beta-type reservoir simulator for approximating compositional effects during gas injection. Soc. Pet. Eng. J. 1974, 14(5): 471-481.
Dahaghi, A.K., Esmaili, S., Mohaghegh, S.D. Fast track analysis of shale numerical models. Paper SPE 162699 Presented at SPE Canadian Unconventional Resources Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 30 October-1 November, 2012.
Dong, J.J., Hsu, J.Y., Wu, W.J., et al. Stress-dependence of the permeability and porosity of sandstone and shale from TCDP Hole-A. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 2010, 47(7): 1141-1157.
Dong, X., Liu, H., Hou, J., et al. Phase behavior of hydrocarbon mixtures in the organic nanopores of unconventional gas condensate reservoirs. Paper URTEC-2460485-MS Presented at SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 1-3 August, 2016.
Duong, A.N. An unconventional rate decline approach for tight and fracture-dominated gas wells. Paper SPE 137748 Presented at Canadian Unconventional Resources and International Petroleum Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 19-21 October, 2010.
Fatt, Eilerts, C.K., Sumner, E.F., Potts, N.L. Integration of partial differential equation for transient radial flow of gas-condensate fluids in porous structures. Soc. Pet. Eng. J. 1965, 5(2): 141-152.
El-Sebakhy, E.M., Sheltami, T., Al-Bokhitan, S.Y. et al. Support vector machines framework for predicting the PVT properties of crude-oil systems. Paper SPE 105698 Presented at SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, Manama, Bahrain, 11-14 March, 2007.
Evinger, H.H., Muskat, M. Calculation of theoretical productivity factor. Trans. AIME 1942, 146(1): 126-139.
I. The effect of overburden pressure on relative permeability. J. Pet. Technol. 1953, 5(10): 15-16.
Fatt, I., Davis, D.H. Reduction in permeability with overburden pressure. J. Pet. Technol. 1952, 4(12): 16.
Fetkovich, M.D., Guerrero, E.T., Fetkovich, M.J., et al. Oil and gas relative permeabilities determined from rate-time performance data. Paper SPE 15431 Presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana, 5-8 October, 1986.
Fetkovich, M.J. Decline curve analysis using type curves. J. Pet. Technol. 1980, 32(6): 1065-1077.
Fevang, Ø., Whitson, C.H. Modeling gas-condensate well deliverability. SPE Reserv. Eng. 1996, 11(4): 221-230.
Fussell, D.D. Single-well performance predictions for gas condensate reservoirs. J. Pet. Technol. 1973, 25(7): 860-870.
Gerami, S., Sadeghi, A., Masihi, M. New technique for calculation of gas condensate well deliverability. Paper SPE 130139 Presented at SPE Deep Gas Conference and Exhibition, Manama, Bahrain, 24-26 January, 2010.
Gondouin, M., Iffly, R., Husson, J. An attempt to predict the time dependence of well deliverability in gas condensate fields. Soc. Pet. Eng. J. 1967, 7(2): 113-124.
Guehria, F.M. Inflow performance relationships for gas condensates. Paper SPE 63158 Presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, 1-4 October, 2000.
Havlena, D., Odeh, A.S. The material balance as an equation of a straight line. J. Pet. Technol. 1963, 15(8): 895-900.
Ilk, D., Rushing, J.A., Perego, A.D., et al. Exponential vs. Hyperbolic decline in tight gas sands: Understanding the origin and implications for reserve estimates using Arps’ decline curves. Paper SPE 116731 Presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, 21-24 September, 2008.
Johnson, C., Jamiolahmady, M. Production data analysis using type curves in tight gas condensate reservoirs-impact of pressure-dependent permeability. Paper SPE 190832 Presented at SPE Europec featured at 80th EAGE Conference and Exhibition, Copenhagen, Denmark, 11-14 June, 2018.
Jones, J.R., Raghavan, R. Interpretation of flowing well response in gas-condensate wells (includes associated papers 19014 and 19216 ). SPE Form. Eval. 1988, 3(3): 578-594.
Kikani, J., Pedrosa Jr., O.A. Perturbation analysis of stress-sensitive reservoirs (includes associated papers 25281 and 25292). SPE Form. Eval. 1991, 6(3): 379-386.
Kniazeff, V.J., Nvaille, S.A. Two-phase flow of volatile hydrocarbons. Soc. Pet. Eng. J. 1965, 5(1): 37-44.
Labed, I., Oyeneyin, B., Oluyemi, G. Gas-condensate flow modelling for shale reservoirs. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 2018, 59: 156-167.
Li, B., Friedmann, F. Novel multiple resolutions design of experiment/response surface methodology for uncertainty analysis of reservoir simulation forecasts. Paper SPE 92853 Presented at SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, The Woodlands, Texas, 31 January-2 February, 2005.
Liu, L., Yao, J., Sun, H., et al. Compositional modeling of shale condensate gas flow with multiple transport mechanisms. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2019, 172: 1186-1201.
Mannon, R.W. Oil production forecasting by decline curve analysis. Paper SPE 1254 Presented at Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, Denver, Colorado, 3-6 October, 1965.
McCain, W.D. The Properties of Petroleum Fluids. Tulsa, USA, PennWell Books, 2017.
McKee, C.R., Bumb, A.C., Koenig, R.A. Stress-dependent permeability and porosity of coal and other geologic formations. SPE Form. Eval. 1988, 3(1): 81-91.
Mead, H.N. Modifications to decline curve analysis. Trans. AIME 1956, 207(1): 11-16.
Millikan, C.V. Gas-oil ratio as related to the decline of oil production, with notes on the effect of controlled pressure. Trans. AIME 1926, G-26(1): 147-157.
Momeni, A., Dadvar, M., Hekmatzadeh, M., et al. 3D pore network modeling and simulation for dynamic displacement of gas and condensate in wellbore region. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2017, 97: 147-156.
Mott, R. Engineering calculations of gas condensate well productivity. SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. 2003, 6(5): 298-306.
Muskat, M. The production histories of oil producing gas-drive reservoirs. J. Appl. Phys. 1945, 16(3): 147-159.
O’Dell, H.G. Successfully cycling a low-permeability, high-yield gas condensate reservoir. J. Pet. Technol. 1967, 19(1): 41-47.
Okouma Mangha, V., Guillot, F., Sarfare, M., et al. Estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) as a function of production practices in the Haynesville shale. Paper SPE 147623 Presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, 30 October-2 November, 2011.
Orangi, A., Nagarajan, N.R., Honarpour, M.M., et al. Unconventional shale oil and gas-condensate reservoir production, impact of rock, fluid, and hydraulic fractures. Paper SPE 140536 Presented at SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 24-26 January, 2011.
Ostensen, R.W. The effect of stress-dependent permeability on gas production and well testing. SPE Form. Eval. 1986, 1(3): 227-235.
Palacio, J.C., Blasingame, T.A. Decline-curve analysis with type curves-Analysis of gas well production data. Paper SPE 28688 Presented at International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition of Mexico, Veracruz, Mexico, 10-13 October, 1994.
Panja, P., Conner, T., Deo, M. Factors controlling production in hydraulically fractured low permeability oil reservoirs. Int. J. Oil Gas Coal Technol. 2016, 13(1): 1-18.
Panja, P., Deo, M. Factors that control condensate production from shales: Surrogate reservoir models and uncertainty analysis. SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. 2016, 19(1): 130-141.
Panja, P., Deo, M. Unusual behavior of produced gas oil ratio in low permeability fractured reservoirs. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2016, 144: 76-83.
Panja, P., Pathak, M., Deo, M. Productions of volatile oil and gas-condensate from liquid rich shales. Adv. Geo-Energy Res. 2019, 3(1): 29-42.
Panja, P., Pathak, M., Velasco, R., et al. Least square support vector machine: An emerging tool for data analysis. Paper SPE 180202 Presented at SPE Low Perm Symposium, Denver, Colorado, 5-6 May, 2016.
Pan, S., Ma, J., Zuo, J.Y., et al. A pore-scale mechanistic investigation of shale gas condensate at near saturation pressure on fluid flow in shale. Paper URTEC-2019-248-MS Presented at SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA, 22-24 July, 2019.
Parikh, H. Reservoir characterization using experimental design and response surface methodology. USA, Texas A&M University, 2003.
Pathak, M., Deo, M., Panja, P., et al. The effect of kerogen-hydrocarbons interaction on the PVT properties in liquid rich shale plays. Paper SPE 175905 Presented at SPE/CSUR Unconventional Resources Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 20-22 October, 2015.
Pratikno, H., Rushing, J.A., Blasingame, T.A. Decline curve analysis using type curves-Fractured wells. Paper SPE 84287 Presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, 5-8 October, 2003.
Qanbari, F., Clarkson, C.R. Rate-transient analysis of liquid-rich tight/shale reservoirs using the dynamic drainage area concept: Examples from north american reservoirs. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 2016, 35: 224-236.
Raghavan, R., Scorer, J.D.T., Miller, F.G. An investigation by numerical methods of the effect of pressure-dependent rock and fluid properties on well flow tests. Soc. Pet. Eng. J. 1972, 12(3): 267-275.
Rushing, J.A., Perego, A.D., Sullivan, R., et al. Estimating reserves in tight gas sands at hp/ht reservoir conditions: Use and misuse of an arps decline curve methodology. Paper SPE 109625 Presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Anaheim, California, 11-14 November, 2007.
Santos, M.P.P.C., Carvalho, M.S. Pore network model for retrograde gas flow in porous media. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2020, 185: 106635.
Schilthuis, R.J. Active oil and reservoir energy. Trans. AIME 1936, 118(1): 33-52.
Tarner, J. How different size gas caps and pressure maintenance programs affect amount of recoverable oil. Oil Wkly. 1944, 144(2): 32-44.
Thomas, R.D., Ward, D.C. Effect of overburden pressure and water saturation on gas permeability of tight sandstone cores. J. Pet. Technol. 1972, 24(2): 120-124.
Thompson, J.M., Nobakht, M., Anderson, D.M. Modeling well performance data from overpressured shale gas reservoirs. Paper SPE 137755 Presented at Canadian Unconventional Resources and International Petroleum Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 19-21 October, 2010.
Thornton, O.F. Gas-condensate reservoirs-a review. Paper API-46-150 Presented at Drilling and Production Practice, New York, 1 January, 1946.
Tracy, G.W. Simplified form of the material balance equation. Trans. AIME 1955, 204(1): 243-246.
Vairogs, J., Hearn, C.L., Dareing, D.W., et al. Effect of rock stress on gas production from low-permeability reservoirs. J. Pet. Technol. 1971, 23(9): 1161-1167.
Valko, P.P. Assigning value to stimulation in the Barnett Shale: A simultaneous analysis of 7000 plus production hystories and well completion records. Paper SPE 119369 Presented at SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, The Woodlands, Texas, 19-21 January, 2009.
Velasco, R., Panja, P., Deo, M. New production performance and prediction tool for unconventional reservoirs. Paper URTEC-2461718-MS Presented at SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 1-3 August, 2016.
Whitson, C.H., Sunjerga, S. PVT in liquid-rich shale reservoirs. Paper SPE 155499 Presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 8-10 October, 2012.
Xiao, J.J., Al-Muraikhi, A.J. A new method for the determi-nation of gas condensate well production performance. Paper SPE 90290 Presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, 26-29 September, 2004.
Xiong, Q., Baychev, T.G., Jivkov, A.P. Review of pore network modelling of porous media: Experimental characterisations, network constructions and applications to reactive transport. J. Contam. Hydrol. 2016, 192: 101-117.
Yang, S., Wu, K., Xu, J., et al. Roles of multicomponent adsorption and geomechanics in the development of an eagle ford shale condensate reservoir. Fuel 2019, 242: 710-718.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.